It nonetheless provides valuable descriptive evidence of the broad cross-platform diffusion of messages that Twitter had flagged as containing election-related misinformation. These observational data do not enable us to determine whether this finding is a selection effect (i.e., Twitter intervened on posts that were more likely to spread) or causal (Twitter’s intervention increased their spread).We find that messages that had been blocked from engagement on Twitter were posted more often and received more visibility on other popular platforms than messages that were labeled by Twitter or that received no intervention at all.To understand the impact of one platform’s intervention on their broader spread, we identify these same messages on Facebook, Instagram, and Reddit and collect data from those platforms.We find that while blocking messages from engagement effectively limited their spread, messages that were flagged by the platform with a warning label spread further and longer than unlabeled tweets.We then collect data from Twitter in order to measure the differential spread of messages that were not flagged and those that were flagged by a warning label or prevented from being engaged with. We identify tweets from Former President Donald Trump, posted from Novemthrough January 8, 2021, that were flagged by Twitter as containing election-related misinformation.How did messages flagged by Twitter spread on Facebook, Instagram, and Reddit?.How did messages flagged by Twitter spread on the platform compared to messages without interventions?.
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